=======================Electronic Edition========================
RACHEL’S HAZARDOUS WASTE NEWS #177
—April 18, 1990—
News and resources for environmental justice.
——
Environmental Research Foundation
P.O. Box 5036, Annapolis, MD 21403
Fax (410) 263-8944; Internet: erf@igc.apc.org
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UNRECOGNIZED CAUSE OF LANDFILL FAILURES.
With 80% of the nation’s garbage still being buried in landfills
(see RHWN #176), we must ask whether our landfills are as
well-designed as can be. One important and overlooked source of
landfill failures is lightning from thunderstorms.
As most of our readers know, a landfill is a bathtub in the
ground. The bathtub can leak through its bottom, or it can fill
up with fluids and leak over its sides. To prevent this from
happening, landfills are now “capped” with clay or plastic when
they are retired from service. The cap is supposed to act as an
umbrella, preventing rain from filling up the bathtub and
preventing the formation of toxic leachate that might pour out
the bottom if the bottom leaked. The cap is the essential element
in a landfill’s safety design: it keeps liquids out. When the cap
is destroyed, nature will begin to distribute the contents of the
landfill into the local environment, using water as the vehicle
for distribution. Damage ensues.
Lightning packs a tremendous wallop when it strikes the ground.
Lightning bolts last only a few millionths of a second, but they
typically involve five million volts and anywhere from 2,500 to
220,000 amperes of current. Lightning can bore large holes in the
ground where it strikes. Geologists have a name for holes made by
lightning: fulgarites (after the Latin name for lightning,
fulgar). Fulgarites are created when lightning strikes sandy
soil; a hole is bored into the sand and the sides of the hole get
so hot (estimated to be 3200 degrees Fahrenheit, or 1800 degrees
Celsius) that the sand melts and forms a glass tube. A large hole
bored by lightning can be eight inches in diameter and can reach
to a depth of 15 feet.
Because buried telephone cables need protection, a lot of data
has been collected on the frequency of lightning strikes.
Lightning accompanies two types of thunderstorms: convection-type
storms caused by local heating of air near the earth, and
frontal-type storms resulting when a warm, moist front meets a
cold front which may extend over hundreds of miles. Frontal-type
storms produce more lightning strikes per storm.
Which type of storm predominates in your region? Take a look at
our map of the U.S. The uppermost heavy line from Tucson, AZ
through Albuquerque, NM, sloping up to Lawrence, KS, then to
Urbana, IL, and on east to Washington, DC, separates the U.S.
into two storm-type zones. Areas above this line have mostly
convection-type storms, and areas below the line have
frontal-type storms. We’ll call this the “storm line.”
As the map shows, the number of thunder storms in the U.S. varies
from an average of 10 per year along the western edge of
California, Oregon and Washington, to a high of 100 per year in
central Florida.
To estimate the number of lightning strikes you would expect per
square mile per year at your local landfill, multiply the number
of storms per year times a “stroke factor” which is 0.28 if
you’re above the storm line, and 0.37 if you’re below the storm
line.
Let’s take New Jersey, for example. We’re above the storm line,
and we have 20 lightning storms per year, so we multiply by 0.28
to learn that each square miles of land will be struck by
lightning 20 x 0.28 = 5.6 times per year, or 56 times each
decade. How does that translate into, say, a 10-acre landfill?
Ten acres = 0.016 square miles (one-sixtieth of a square mile),
so a ten-acre landfill will be struck an average of 56 x 0.016 =
0.9 (close to 1) times per decade, or about once every 11 years.
A landfill that covered twice as much area (20 acres) would be
struck twice as often; one ten times as big (100 acres) will be
struck ten times as often. And, because a landfill is ordinarily
elevated above surrounding terrain, these average numbers
actually underestimate the frequency of lightning strikes.
Landfills are ordinarily elevated above surrounding terrain
because garbage is heaped up in a pile. Big landfills can rise a
hundred feet above the surrounding landscape; some rise even
higher. Landfills are therefore more susceptible to lightning
strikes than is flat ground.
Let’s take another example. Central and northern Indiana have 40
storms per year and they’re above the storm dividing line, so
each square mile is struck an average of 40 x 0.28 = 11 times per
year, or 110 times per decade. A 10acre landfill in this region
will be struck, on average, 11 x 0.016 = 1.76 (nearly 2) times
per decade, or roughly once every six years.
Central Florida is below the storm line and it has 100 storms per
year, so each square mile of land will be struck 100 x 0.37 = 37
times per year or 370 times per decade. A 10-acre landfill there
would be struck 370 x 0.016 = 5.9 (about 6) times per decade.
Since lightning can burn a hole eight inches in diameter up to 15
feet deep, it must be obvious that no plastic liner (1/10 of an
inch thick) will deter lightning in any way whatsoever. The only
cap that could work would be a 20-footthick layer of clay. An
alternative would be lightning protection.
The National Fire Protection Code requires lightning protection
for all structures containing flammable liquids or gases. The
explosive methane gas generated within a landfill probably meets
this specification. To fulfill their objectives of protecting the
environment, landfill caps should be fitted with lightning
protection, just the way military ammunition dumps are protected.
Tall towers with heavy cables strung between them, solidly
grounded, are one option. A 10-acre landfill could be protected
by four 250′ towers spaced 900 ft. apart. Such towers would have
to meet Federal Aviation Administration regulations for
obstruction lights and standby power supplies, to minimize
hazards to aircraft.
Large landfills could not be protected by towers because the
towers themselves would penetrate the cap, destroying its
integrity. Such large fills will need to be entirely covered with
heavy, well-grounded steel cages (called Faraday cages).
Lightning protection is a well-developed field of engineering. If
the designers, owners and regulators of landfills are serious
about protecting the environment, they will address the hazards
of lightning and take the necessary steps to see that public
health is protected from landfill failures caused by lightning.
Get: AT&T, TELECOMMUNICATION ELECTRICAL PROTECTION (Place of
publication unknown: AT&T Technologies, Inc., 1985). Available by
phoning 1-800-432-6600, or 1-317-352-8556. Order publication
“Select Code 350-060.”
Peter E. Viemeister, THE LIGHTNING BOOK (Garden City, New York:
Doubleday, 1961).
National standards for lightning protection are documented in
LIGHTNING PROTECTION CODE 1983 ANSI [American National Standards
Institute]/NFPA [National Fire Protection Association] No. 78
available from: NFPA, Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02269; phone
(617) 770-3000.
For alerting us to lightning hazards to landfills, we are
indebted to Mr. Leon Whittaker, Rt. 1, Box 266, Cumberland, VA
23040.
–Peter Montague, Ph.D.
Descriptor terms: landfilling; lightning;