According To The Industry…
The industry assumes that the public is hooked on the convenience of their product.
They contend that it is unfair to deny the public a conveniently disposable product
because of some environmental concerns. Never mind that the concept of convenient
disposal is no longer valid in most communities facing solid waste crises.
The polystyrene industry makes light of the issue of the impact of their products in the
waste stream. They suggest that polystyrene foam food service disposables contribute
approximately 0.25 percent by weight of the total waste stream, and that the products of
combustion of polystyrene are carbon dioxide and water. They project that all plastics
make up only 7.3 percent, by weight of the total solid waste stream.[1]
1. George Baggett, “Styrene Migration Into Human Adipose Tissue.”
The Facts
Using the industrys numbers, 0.25 percent of our national average of 547,945 tons per
day of garbage[1] is 1,369 tons per day of this plastic
which ends up in our landfills and incinerators. Assuming no added weight from
processing and printing, the industry would have had to operate at 68 percent of its
1988 capacity to have produced 2,738 tons per day of styrene of which roughly 50 percent
is used in consumer products.[2]
By Volume, the amount of space used up in landfills by all plastics is between 25
and 30 percent! [2]
1. Biocycle, Jim Glenn, April 1990.
2. “Polystyrene Fact Sheet,” Foundation for Advancements in Science and
Education, Los Angeles, California.
Incineration
Amoco and Dart both claim that incineration of polystyrene produces only carbon dioxide
and water, and that because of its petroleum content it burns at a very high temperature
and can burn out impurities in the incinerator.
Carbon dioxide is hardly harmless, as it contributes to global warming.
When polystyrene was burned at temperatures of 800-900 Celsius (the typical range of a
modern incinerator), the products of combustion consisted of “a complex mixture of
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from alkyl benzenes to benzo[ghi]perylene.
Over 90 different compounds were identified in combustion effluents from polystyrene.”[1]
With the addition of chlorine donors as simple as table salt, it is inevitable that
combustion of polystyrene in municipal solid waste incinerators will contribute to the
formation of highly chlorinated polycyclic compounds like dioxins, furans, hexachlorobenzene,
and chlorophenols. It is this family of compounds that are some of the most biologically
active
toxins known to humans.[2]
Another problem with incineration is that much of the foam will have been tinted, and
some types of ink release the heavy metals cadmium and lead, both of which are
toxic.[3]
1.R.A, Hawley-Fedder, M.L. Parsons, and F.W. Karasek, “Products Obtained
During Combustion of Polymers Under Simulated Incinerator Conditions, II
Polystyrene,” Journal of Chromatography, #315, 1984, Elevier Science Publishers
B.V., Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
2. G. Baggett, “Basic Chemistry of Dioxins and Furans,” presentation to
the Air Toxics Symposium, Air Pollution Control Association in April 1987.
3. “Polystyrene Fact Sheet,” Foundation for Advancements in Science and
Education, Los Angeles, California.
Recycling
Some problems with recycling are purely economic. The start-up costs for a polystyrene
recycling plant are enormous and the pay-off, as of now, is uncertain. Recycled plastic
is always a lower grade than the “virgin” material, so some applications, such as that for
food packaging, cannot use recycled plastic. But how can one call a process “recycling”
when the output is an end-use product; one that cannot be recycled again? (End uses of
recycled polystyrene include wall insulation, packing filler, and cafeteria trays, as well
as other non-food applications.)
1. “Polystyrene Fact Sheet,” Foundation for Advancements in Science and
Education, Los Angeles, California.
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Last modified: 4 Mar 1996
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